Muhammad Ali and his Role in the Civil Rights Movement - Part 1

I've contemplated sharing this for a while, but I am finally going to share this piece of writing. This is my history essay that I have written when I was in my first year at university. I have written this essay around March of 2010, and it was the creation of many hours of research that I have personally put in. I can't remember what grade I received, but I'm sure it was a solid A-minus. It's nice to see the differences in my writing from then to now, and to see how far I have come along.

I have not changed the content in any way for this post. Everything is the same as it was when I originally submitted the essay. The only alteration I have made is the removal of references. If anyone wants to know the references I have used, I will be happy to provide those in a separate blog post. Due to the length of the essay, I have broken it up into two parts. Part 1 is below, and Part 2 will be posted tomorrow. Any comments are greatly appreciated.

The 1960’s were a time of unrest in the United States. There were protests across university campuses opposing the Vietnam War. A generation was starting to find a voice. The 1960’s were also the height of the Civil Rights Movement, where black people were trying to fight for equal rights to their white counterparts. Many leaders stood up to the cause of fighting for equal rights, such as Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, but there was one recognizable figure that used his popularity to stand up for what he believed and gave a sort of hope for African Americans during these tense times, and that man was Muhammad Ali. He was a young, brash man, who provided a great example on how to be an individual protester by speaking about his beliefs and his dislike for racism in the United States. Muhammad Ali played a big role in the Civil Rights Movement by expressing his views in certain events he was a part in, such as his affiliation to the Nation of Islam, as well as his opposition of the Vietnam War. His example rallied the African Americans to fight for black pride and black resistance against white domination, as well as for the equal rights they truly deserved.

Muhammad Ali was born as Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. in 1942 named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr., to a working-class family in Louisville, Kentucky and began his boxing career at age twelve. He began to fight in the amateur ranks in boxing, and quickly became a rising boxer, having an amateur record of one hundred wins with five losses. He participated in the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome, Italy, where he won a gold medal in the light heavyweight division by beating his Polish opponent. After he won the gold medal, he returned to his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, where he experienced the racism that was gripping the United States. He thought that he was going to be treated like a champion because he won the gold medal, but he was refused service at a “whites-only” restaurant, and then fought with a motorcycle gang. Disgusted by the racism and hardship he had to deal with, Cassius threw his gold medal into the Ohio River. What he did was an act of defiance, and it was a stand to the mistreatment of blacks in the United States. That single action is the beginning of his fight in the Civil Rights Movement. That action is what also intrigued Nation of Islam leader Malcolm X to invite Cassius Clay into the Nation of Islam.

After Cassius Clay’s first heavyweight bout with Sonny Liston, where he finally became the heavyweight champion of the world for the first time, he revealed that he had become a member of the Nation of Islam, and had changed his name to Muhammad Ali.  He got the name Muhammad Ali from the leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah Muhammad. Muhammad believed that the name Cassius Clay was “a slave name” and wanted to change his name to represent a slave-trader, rather than a slave-liberator. It is widely assumed that Muhammad Ali was attending Nation of Islam meetings even before his match with Sonny Liston. This obviously sparked controversy in the United States, and few people accepted his new identity. He was hated not because he was black, but now also because of his newly found religious beliefs. He became a member of the Nation of Islam when the United States were looking at the Nation of Islam with suspicion, and even with hostility. He didn't help his cause with the white public of the United States when he started to flaunt and express his religious views. When talking about his new name, Muhammad is quoted as saying:

“Cassius Clay is a slave name. I didn't choose it and I didn't want it. I am Muhammad Ali, a free name – It means beloved of God – and I insist people use it when speaking to me and of me”

Muhammad Ali became the most visible spokesman in the Nation of Islam, and those teachings became the core of who he was at the time. He spoke on a variety of issues. On the integration of white and black people, Ali says: “We who follow the teachings of Elijah Muhammad don't want to be forced to integrate. Integration is wrong. We don't want to live with the white man; that's all.” On the issue of inter-racial marriage, Ali says: “No intelligent black man or black woman in his or her right black mind wants white boys and white girls coming to their homes to marry their black sons and daughters.” On the issue of brotherhood, Ali says: “We're not all brothers. You can say we're brothers, but we're not.” On the need for a separate black homeland, Ali is quoted saying:

“Why don't we get out and build our own nation? White people just don't want their slaves to be free. That's the whole thing. Why not let us go and build ourselves a nation? We want a country. We're 40 million people, but we'll never be free until we own our own land.”

These views presented by Muhammad Ali were views that he felt strongly about. Ali embraced his black heritage when many African Americans were trying to run from it.

Obviously, the media, as well as white Liberals and black Americans came down hard in Ali and his views. Tennis great Arthur Ashe gave his opinion on Muhammad Ali’s ties to the Nation of Islam, saying:

“I never went along with the pronouncements of Elijah Muhammad that the white man was the devil and that blacks should be striving for separate development; a sort of American apartheid. That never made sense to me. It was a racist ideology and I didn't like it.”

Former heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson also added his opinion on Muhammad Ali and the Nation of Islam:

“I've been told that Clay has every right to follow any religion he chooses and I agree. But, by the same token, I have every right to call the Black Muslims a menace to the United States and a menace to the Negro race. I do not believe God put us here to hate one another. Cassius Clay is disgracing himself and the Negro race."

Another former heavyweight champion, Joe Louis chimed in with what he thought as well: “I've always believed that every man is my brother. Clay will earn the public's hatred because of his connections with the Black Muslims.” It seems that many people had something to say to oppose Ali and his religious views, but to many others, Ali is viewed as the prime symbol of black pride and provided a resistance to an unfair social order by preaching something that was different from mainstream values.

Part 2 is here.